Hi Gary,
Thanks a lot for the suggestions.
I know my office generally upgrades software for everyone at once, so updating Toad to 5.6 or 5.7 isn't a simple thing, but I will talk with my coworker who handles software implementation for our department. I think it would be good to upgrade anyway.
EDIT: I did download Toad Data Point 5.6 at the recommendation of my coworker and the issue seems to be persisting. Depending on how the dataset is sorted, any new data after a certain point in the dataset is not included in the populated sort filter.
What happens when you use the bottom right hand corner grab handle (dotted triangle) to increase the filter list area? Do more values show? Even so, it's weird that you're not getting any scroll bar to navigate through the list, as in snap #1 below...
The dotted triangle will expand the box, but no more values show up. I do get a scroll bar for larger results set, like looking at individual IDs, but I thought this was weird because it was excluding values where the number of returned values was very small, >10.
There could be some data grids within the product for which not all capabilities (like Excel-Style filtering) are enabled. In which grid are you trying to do the filtering?
I did not know there were multiple data grids possible for Toad, I only thought there was the default grid that appears when you execute a query. I tried to search for data grids within Toad Data Point 5.7's documentation, but I didn't see anything. Do you have any links for further reading?
OK, gotta ask this, but are you fetching all the rows? e.g. if you execute a query in the TDP Editor, by default it only retrieves 1,000 rows on first fetch. The filter drop-downs are affected by how many rows are returned in the grid... see snap #2
I am getting all rows using the Fetch all option for this query. I think this issue has to do with how the results are returned, because if I order by student ID, then all six semesters show up, but if I order by semester, then only the first four semesters show up. If I order by student ID, all six semesters show up within the first few rows of the dataset.
If I order by semester, then the first four semesters occupy rows 1 through 122,608. The fifth and sixth semesters are all at row 122,609 or below, so it looks like Toad Data Point is returning all distinct values above a certain point, probably between 89,293 and 122,608 (where the fourth semester starts and ends).
I got the same results when I looked at the Academic_Standing column, where sorting it Descending gave nulls first, then Good Standing, Probation, and Warning, and excluded Dismissal (figure 1), which starts on line 183,472.
Sorting it Ascending gave the opposite results, excluding Probation and Warning (figure 2), which starts on line 173,362.

So it looks like there's a cutoff point at which Toad no longer looks at the values to return results in the dropdown filter.
There is another way to filter the contents of the data grid, see snap #3, although not as nice as the drop down list of values, granted.
I don't see this filter icon on my version of Toad. Maybe it's located in a different spot, or it's available in an upgrade?
Lastly, how are you connecting to your data sources? ODBC connectivity may carry with it some limitations.
I am using an ODBC connection.
Thank you for the assistance so far!
Scott